Sources

Jacobs Consulting Methanol Plant Design Example:

Energy Efficiency of the Coogee Plant in Australia

CO2 Conversion

This is a patent for liquid phase methanol reactor staging process []

This is another site which may be helpful in determining our material and energy balances: []

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99% selectivity

-It appears from their model that the higher the inlet temperature the higher the yield, having low temperatures dont matter unless we are very close to the equilibrium. -What does the effectiveness factor mean? -What is the effectiveness factor for our process in the ICI converter -Take care of external(Temperature, concentration gradient around the catalyst and in the reactor) and internal(temperature, pressure gradients in the catalyst porous particles) resistances. Using the heterogeneous reactor model.

http://www.science.uva.nl/~gadi/pdf_files/Methanol_synthesis.pdf

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 * Continuous Low-Temperature Methanol Synthesis from **
 * Syngas Using Alcohol Promoters **

 Continuous low-temperature methanol synthesis from syngas containing CO2 on various Cu/ZnO catalysts was investigated by using a semibatch autoclave reactor. Methanol was easily produced at a temperature as low as 443 K and with a pressure of 50 bar with the aid of 2-butanol, which showed a very high efficiency with a one-pass yield of 47.0% and a selectivity of 98.9%. Methanol itself used as alcohol promoter exhibited a higher activity than other 1-alcohols because it has the lowest spatial effect. 2-Alcohols, however, exhibited the highest conversion among the same carbon number because of its well-balanced effects produced by their of electronic and spatial factors. The one-pass conversion was improved by increasing the catalyst weight because no thermodynamic limitations existed at low temperatures. The continuous low-temperature methanol synthesis is a very promising process because completely purified syngas is not necessary. == ** Sustainable process for the production of methanol from CO2 and H2 using Cu/ZnO-based multicomponent catalyst ** == <[]> ** Abstract ** We have performed R&D project on methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen in order to contribute to CO2 mitigation. High-performance Cu/ZnO based multicomponent catalysts were developed. The roles of metal oxides contained in Cu/ZnO-based catalysts were classified into two categories: (1) Al2O3 or ZrO2 improves the dispersion of copper particles in the catalyst; (2) Ga2O3 or Cr2O3 increases the activity per unit copper surface area of the catalyst. The long-term stability of Cu/ZnO-based catalysts during methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen was improved by adding a small amount of silica to the catalysts. Silica added to the catalysts suppressed the crystallization of ZnO contained in the catalysts. The catalysts were found to be highly active and extremely stable in methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen. In the next step, a bench plant with a capacity of 50 kg day−1 of CH3OH, which was equipped with facilities for recycling unreacted gases and gaseous products, was successfully operated. The purity of crude methanol produced was 99.9 wt%, whereas the purity of crude methanol produced from syngas in a present-day commercial plant was reported as 99.6 wt%.

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**Posted by EcoFriendly ** ** **

· **Methanol Synthesis **. The cleaned and conditioned syngas is converted to methanol in a fixed bed reactor containing a copper/zinc oxide/alumina catalyst. The mixture of methanol and unconverted syngas is cooled through heat exchange with the steam cycle and other process streams. The methanol is separated by condensing it away from the unconverted syngas. Unconverted syngas is recycled back to the entrance of the methanol synthesis reactor. · **Methanol Conditioning **. The methanol leaving the reactor has been condensed at elevated pressure and has absorbed a sizeable quantity of gas. The methanol and gas stream is first heated and sent through a turbo expander generator to recover a portion of the compression energy. Once the stream is at a lower temperature it is sent to a distillation column to degas the methanol. This removal of gases could be done at a later stage in the process.

**Liquid Phase Methanol Process Licensed to Biofuel Producer ** //27 July 2010 // // // The Liquid Phase Methanol (LPMEOH) Process, funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and developed in collaboration with Air Products and Chemicals Inc., has been [|licensed] to Woodland Biofuel Inc., which intends to use the technology to develop a wood-gasification process to produce methanol from wood-scrap. The first facility is planned in New York State. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt;">The LPMEOH Process, developed for the production of methanol from coal, is an advanced indirect technology that utilizes synthesis gas, produced via gasification, to produce methanol. LPMEOH technology has the potential to be a more-efficient, lower-cost conversion route to methanol than commercially practiced gas-phase technologies. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt;">The technology converts synthesis gas from the gasifier into methanol, which can either be sold as a value-added product or used as a source of peaking power for clean-burning integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants. Methanol can also be used as a source of hydrogen or synthesis gas for small fuel cells or industrial applications. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Building on this achievement, a commercial-scale demonstration of the LPMEOH Process was conducted under the CCT (Clean Coal Technology) Program, which resulted in a 260 ton-per-day facility at Eastman Chemicals’ site in Kingsport, Tenn. The facility is still in operation today.

<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Power point presentation on liquid phase methanol process is available at: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">[]

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Liquid phase methanol process with co-rich recycle ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">United States Patent 5284878

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5284878.html

Methanol is produced by reacting a CO-rich synthesis gas in the presence of a powdered methanol synthesis catalyst suspended in an inert liquid in a liquid phase reactor system. Unreacted CO-rich synthesis gas is recycled to the reactor, thus increasing methanol production and reducing specific power compared with once-through operation without recycle or compared with recycle of hydrogen-rich gas recovered from unreacted synthesis gas.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 13.5pt;">Process for the production of methanol ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">United States Patent 4628066 <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: Calibri; line-height: 125%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4628066.html From the above results, it was calculated that the overall production of pure methanol was increased to 2613 MT/D, of which 1974 MT/D came from the gas phase loop and 629 MT/D from the liquid phase reactor. This represents a 24.5% increase in methanol production over the previous rate of 2100 MT/D for the stand-above gas phase loop. In addition, 11 MT/D of ethanol and higher alcohols would be produced.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Methanol synthesis ** <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">The KATALCO <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 5.5pt;">JM <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">51-series of catalysts is the key to the Johnson Matthey LPM process and the leading edge methanol technologies offered by Johnson Matthey and Davy Process Technology. These technologies currently account for an annual production capacity of over 30 million tonnes of methanol— the majority of the world’s production. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Since the 1960s, charges of KATALCO <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 5.5pt;">JM <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">51-series catalysts have demonstrated **high activity, selectivity and stability ensuring high efficiency operation**. Their enhanced strength enables them to withstand the rigors of operation and as a result they are easily discharged and handled at the end of life. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt;">Typically they last as long as four to six years, but some charges have been in operation for more than 8 years **

<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> < [] >

<span style="color: #7e8183; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> For further information on Johnson Matthey Catalysts, contact your local sales office

<span style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #7e8183; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; padding-right: 10px;"> []

<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> The first benefit of the reduction in by-products that <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">KATALCO <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">JM <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">product offers is that the methanol production <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> rate for this 1,200 mtpd is increased by 1.8 mtpd. This is <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> worth <span style="color: #870038; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">US$ 100,000 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">per year or <span style="color: #870038; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">US$ 500,000 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">over the <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> life of the catalyst. <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Furthermore, since there is less ethanol in the crude <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> methanol, the refining column reboiler heat loads are <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> reduced and therefore there is a saving in the steam <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> required which equates to <span style="color: #870038; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">US$ 351,000 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">per year or <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> <span style="color: #870038; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">US$ 1.4 million <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">over the life of the catalyst.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> By-product Units Competitor A KATALCO <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">JM <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Product <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Ethanol ppmw 622 200 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Propanol ppmw 227 71 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Butanol ppmw 112 71 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> C <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">10 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">-C <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">13 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">ppmw 9 6

<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Composition <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> copper oxide, zinc oxide, alumina, magnesium oxide.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> Catalyst <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8pt;">KATALCO <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">JM <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">51-8 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8pt;">KATALCO <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">JM <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">51-8PPT <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8pt;">KATALCO <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">JM <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">51-9 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Form Pellets Pellets Pellets <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Length mm 5.1 5.1 5.1 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Diameter mm 5.3 5.3 5.3 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Typical charged bulk density <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> kg/m <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">3 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">1,190 1,190 1,190 <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;"> lb/ft <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 4pt;">3 <span style="color: #231f20; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">74.3 74.3 74.3

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Oakbrook Terrace <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Two Transam Plaza Drive <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Chicago <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Illinois 60181 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> USA <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"> Tel +1 630 268 6300 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> Fax +1 630 268 9797 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> ***Called vendor and got a price quote: 2.5kg of Katalco 51-8 costs $254**

[|http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html] This link has several sites which may be used to obtain various thermodynamic and physical properties data

[] Existing Plant and some info on it

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-This pdf provides the conditions and selectivity we will be using for the reactor.

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[] for GHSV
 * GHSV**


 * AIR COOLING**





http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jwzEb3tcs7U/SpTARHJCtII/AAAAAAAAAAU/Q91RPATy2mY/s1600-h/MULTI+COMPONENT+DISTILLATION+COLUMN.bmp
 * DISTILLATION COLUMNS**

Here is some of the sources in MLA format for the report: